Home>Categories>Programmable Logic Controllers>Mitsubishi Electric>Q SERIES>CPU>Q02UCPU | Mitsubishi Q Series PLC CPU
13% off
Q02UCPU | Mitsubishi Q Series PLC CPU
Q02UCPU | Mitsubishi Q Series PLC CPU

Q02UCPU | Mitsubishi Q Series PLC CPU

0 Review(s)
0
0
5
Questions about this item? Be the first to ask here.
USD593.00
USD682.00
USD89.00(13%)
Estimated Lead Time : Usually ships in 1-10 working days.
Q02UCPU
Mitsubishi Electric
Brand New
12 months 

NII REF No : IAAH110111061122

NEX Instrument Inc is not an authorized dealer, agent or associate of any of the designers, brands, or manufacturers, the products of which are offered for sale on www.nexinstrument.com.All trademarks, brand names, and logos mentioned are used for identification purposes only and are registered trademarks of their respective owners who reserve the right of ownership. The use of trademark, brand name or product on our website is not intended to suggest that the company, trademark or brand is affiliated to or endorses our website. All items are 100% authentic and legally purchased from authorized sources.

  • Estimated Lead Time : Usually ships in 1 - 10 working days.
  • Manufacturer : Mitsubishi
  • Product No. : Q02UCPU
  • Product type : Ethernet Networking Mini USB Interface
  • Number of I/O : 2048
  • Manufacturer series : Q Series
  • Number of inputs : 2048
  • Number of outputs : 8192
  • Network type : Ethernet
  • Communication port type : USB
  • Program capacity : 80 kB
  • Programming interface : Mini USB
  • Maximum inputs/outputs : 2048/8192
  • Memory : 32 MB
  • Mounting type : Rack mount
  • Shipping Weight : 3 Kg
[short_review]
[long_review]
Did you find this helpful?  [rev_helpful] of [rev_votes] Found Helpful
Reviewed by: (Verified Buyer)  from [user_city]. [user_email] on [review_date]
[rating]
There are no reviews for this product!

Reward Points

593 points will be rewarded to you when you buy this item.

Related Items

FX3U-80MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 80 I/O
FX3U-80MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 80 I/O
USD549.00
MR-J2S-10A | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-10A | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
USD211.00
MR-J2S-40A | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-40A | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
USD361.00
MR-J2S-70A SERVO AMPLIFIER
MR-J2S-70A SERVO AMPLIFIER
USD574.00
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J2S-60A
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J2S-60A
USD459.00
MR-J2S-100A SERVO AMPLIFIER
MR-J2S-100A SERVO AMPLIFIER
USD626.00
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J2S-200A
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J2S-200A
USD973.00
MR-J2S-500A | Mitsubishi | Servo Amplifier Module
MR-J2S-500A | Mitsubishi | Servo Amplifier Module
USD1,248.00
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J2S-700A
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J2S-700A
USD1,978.00
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J2S-700B
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J2S-700B
USD1,865.00
MR-J2S-500B | Mitsubishi | Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-500B | Mitsubishi | Servo Amplifier
USD1,530.00
MR-J2S-350B | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-350B | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
USD973.00
MR-J2S-200B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier * SAME DAY DELIVERY - 1 UNIT ONLY*
MR-J2S-200B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier * SAME DAY DELIVERY - 1 UNIT ONLY*
USD956.00
MR-J2S-100B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-100B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier
USD488.00
MR-J2S-70B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-70B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier
USD444.00
MR-J2S-40B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-40B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier
USD324.00
MR-J2S-20B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-20B | Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier
USD257.00
MR-J2S-10B | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Servo Amplifier
MR-J2S-10B | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Servo Amplifier
USD248.00
Q33B | Mitsubishi CPU Base Unit
Q33B | Mitsubishi CPU Base Unit
USD102.00
Q35B | Mitsubishi CPU Base Unit
Q35B | Mitsubishi CPU Base Unit
USD108.00
Q38B | Mitsubishi Q Controller Base Unit
Q38B | Mitsubishi Q Controller Base Unit
USD117.00
QJ61BT11N | Mitsubishi Electric | L Series Master/local Module
QJ61BT11N | Mitsubishi Electric | L Series Master/local Module
USD193.00
Q65B | Mitsubishi Electric | Extension Base Unit
Q65B | Mitsubishi Electric | Extension Base Unit
USD104.00
Q68B | Mitsubishi Electric | Extension Base Units
Q68B | Mitsubishi Electric | Extension Base Units
USD125.00
Mitsubishi Electric-Q06UDHCPU
Mitsubishi Electric-Q06UDHCPU
USD1,448.00
QX28 | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Input Module
QX28 | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Input Module
USD90.00
QX42 | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Input Module
QX42 | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Input Module
USD115.00
QX80 | Mitsubishi Electric | Q-Series Digital Input Module
QX80 | Mitsubishi Electric | Q-Series Digital Input Module
USD153.00
QX81 | Mitsubishi Input Module
QX81 | Mitsubishi Input Module
USD304.00
QY10 | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Output Module
QY10 | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Output Module
USD185.00
QY41P | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Output Module
QY41P | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Output Module
USD120.00
QY42P | Mitsubishi | Digital Output Module
QY42P | Mitsubishi | Digital Output Module
USD345.00
Q64AD | Mitsubishi Electric | Analog Module
Q64AD | Mitsubishi Electric | Analog Module
USD428.00
Q68ADV | Mitsubishi Electric | Mitsubishi Analog Module
Q68ADV | Mitsubishi Electric | Mitsubishi Analog Module
USD414.00
MITSUBISHI PLC - Q68DAI
MITSUBISHI PLC - Q68DAI
USD657.00
Q64RD | Mitsubishi Analog Input Module
Q64RD | Mitsubishi Analog Input Module
USD780.00
MITSUBISHI PLC - Q64TCTT
MITSUBISHI PLC - Q64TCTT
USD745.00
QJ71E71-100 | Mitsubishi Electric | Ethernet Module
QJ71E71-100 | Mitsubishi Electric | Ethernet Module
USD752.00
QJ72LP25-25 | Mitsubishi Electric | MELSECNET/H Network Module
QJ72LP25-25 | Mitsubishi Electric | MELSECNET/H Network Module
USD1,076.00
Q02UCPU | Mitsubishi Q Series PLC CPU
Q02UCPU | Mitsubishi Q Series PLC CPU
USD593.00
Q00UJCPU | Mitsubishi Electric | Programmable Controllers MELSEC-Q series
Q00UJCPU | Mitsubishi Electric | Programmable Controllers MELSEC-Q series
USD360.00
Q61P | Mitsubishi Electric | Power Supply Q61 Series
Q61P | Mitsubishi Electric | Power Supply Q61 Series
USD95.00
Q02HCPU | Mitsubishi Electric | High-performance CPU
Q02HCPU | Mitsubishi Electric | High-performance CPU
USD276.00
Basic Model: Q00CPU
Basic Model: Q00CPU
USD336.00
HC-KFS73 | Mitsubishi Servo Motor
HC-KFS73 | Mitsubishi Servo Motor
USD520.00
HC-KFS43 | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Motor
HC-KFS43 | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Motor
USD415.00
FX2N-2AD | Mitsubishi Electric | Analog to Digital Module
FX2N-2AD | Mitsubishi Electric | Analog to Digital Module
USD117.00
FX3U-64MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 64 I/O
FX3U-64MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 64 I/O
USD491.00
FX3U-48MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 48 I/O
FX3U-48MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 48 I/O
USD428.00
FX3U-32MR/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 32 I/O
FX3U-32MR/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 32 I/O
USD403.00
FX3U-16MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 16 I/O
FX3U-16MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 16 I/O
USD320.00
HC-KFS Series: HC-KFS73B
HC-KFS Series: HC-KFS73B
USD995.00
FX3G-232-BD | Mitsubishi Electric | Communication Expansion Board * SAME DAY DELIVERY - 1 UNIT ONLY*
FX3G-232-BD | Mitsubishi Electric | Communication Expansion Board * SAME DAY DELIVERY - 1 UNIT ONLY*
USD34.00
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J3-20A
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J3-20A
USD540.00
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J3-40A
Mitsubishi Servo Amplifier: MR-J3-40A
USD564.00
Mitsubishi Servo Motor: HC-SFS102
Mitsubishi Servo Motor: HC-SFS102
USD710.00
Mitsubishi Servo Motor: HC-SFS202
Mitsubishi Servo Motor: HC-SFS202
USD1,002.00
HC-SFS352 | Mitsubishi Servo Motor
HC-SFS352 | Mitsubishi Servo Motor
USD586.00
Mitsubishi Servo Motor:HF-KP23
Mitsubishi Servo Motor:HF-KP23
USD434.00
Mitsubishi Servo Motor:HF-KP43
Mitsubishi Servo Motor:HF-KP43
USD564.00
QJ71C24N-R2 | Mitsubishi Link Module
QJ71C24N-R2 | Mitsubishi Link Module
USD331.00
QY40P | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Output Module
QY40P | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital Output Module
USD166.00
Q68ADI | Mitsubishi Electric | Q Series A/D Input Module
Q68ADI | Mitsubishi Electric | Q Series A/D Input Module
USD345.00
Q03UDECPU | Mitsubishi Electric | Mitsubishi CPU Module
Q03UDECPU | Mitsubishi Electric | Mitsubishi CPU Module
USD784.00
Mitsubishi Electric-FX3G-24MR/ES-A
Mitsubishi Electric-FX3G-24MR/ES-A
USD330.00
Mitsubishi Electric-FX3G-40MR/ES-A
Mitsubishi Electric-FX3G-40MR/ES-A
USD420.00
FX3G-60MR/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | Programmable Controller
FX3G-60MR/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | Programmable Controller
USD444.00
FX3U-128MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 128 I/O
FX3U-128MR/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 128 I/O
USD759.00
FX3G-24MT/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Power Supply
FX3G-24MT/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Power Supply
USD331.00
FX3G-40MT/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | Main Unit
FX3G-40MT/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | Main Unit
USD430.00
FX3G-60MT/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | PLC Base Unit Module
FX3G-60MT/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | PLC Base Unit Module
USD463.00
QJ71C24N | Mitsubishi Electric | Mitsubishi Link Module
QJ71C24N | Mitsubishi Electric | Mitsubishi Link Module
USD215.00
FX1N-24MR-001| Mitsubishi Electric | Fx1n Series Programmable Controllers
FX1N-24MR-001| Mitsubishi Electric | Fx1n Series Programmable Controllers
USD192.00
FX1N-60MR-001| Mitsubishi Electric | Fx1n Series Programmable Controllers
FX1N-60MR-001| Mitsubishi Electric | Fx1n Series Programmable Controllers
USD503.00
FX2N-32MR-001 | Mitsubishi Electric | Fx2n Series Programmable Controllers
FX2N-32MR-001 | Mitsubishi Electric | Fx2n Series Programmable Controllers
USD286.00
FX2N-48MR-001 | Mitsubishi Electric | Fx2n Series Programmable Controllers
FX2N-48MR-001 | Mitsubishi Electric | Fx2n Series Programmable Controllers
USD330.00
FX2N-16EYR-ES/UL | Mitsubishi Electric | FX2N Extensions Blocks
FX2N-16EYR-ES/UL | Mitsubishi Electric | FX2N Extensions Blocks
USD138.00
HG-KR13J | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Servo Motor
HG-KR13J | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Servo Motor
USD250.00
HG-KR43J | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Servo Motor
HG-KR43J | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Servo Motor
USD501.00
FR-E740-5.5K-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | Inverter FR-E700 Series
FR-E740-5.5K-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | Inverter FR-E700 Series
USD710.00
FR-E740-0.4K-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | FR-E700 Series Inverter
FR-E740-0.4K-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | FR-E700 Series Inverter
USD359.00
FR-E740-0.75k-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | FR-E700 Series Inverter
FR-E740-0.75k-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | FR-E700 Series Inverter
USD457.00
FR-E740-7.5K | Mitsubishi Electric | Simple and Powerful Compact Inverter FREQROL-E700 Series Three-phase 400 V
FR-E740-7.5K | Mitsubishi Electric | Simple and Powerful Compact Inverter FREQROL-E700 Series Three-phase 400 V
USD716.00
FR-E740-2.2K-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | FR-E700 Series Inverter
FR-E740-2.2K-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | FR-E700 Series Inverter
USD427.00
Q68DAIN | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital-Analog Converter Module
Q68DAIN | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital-Analog Converter Module
USD383.00
HF-KP43B | Mitsubishi Electric | General-Purpose AC Servo
HF-KP43B | Mitsubishi Electric | General-Purpose AC Servo
USD170.00
QJ71C24N-R4 | Mitsubishi Electric | Link Module
QJ71C24N-R4 | Mitsubishi Electric | Link Module
USD298.00
FX3U-32MT/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 32 I/O
FX3U-32MT/ES-A | Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 32 I/O
USD422.00
FX3U-64MT/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 64 I/O
FX3U-64MT/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 64 I/O
USD552.00
FX3U-128MT/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 128 I/O
FX3U-128MT/ES-A|Mitsubishi Electric | Main Units with 128 I/O
USD910.00
Q64DAN | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital-Analog Converter Module
Q64DAN | Mitsubishi Electric | Digital-Analog Converter Module
USD432.00
Q68DAVN | Mitsubishi Digital-Analog Converter Module
Q68DAVN | Mitsubishi Digital-Analog Converter Module
USD543.00
Q06UDEHCPU | Mitsubishi (215808) | Universal Q CPU Module
Q06UDEHCPU | Mitsubishi (215808) | Universal Q CPU Module
USD1,519.00
FX3S-14MR/ES | Mitsubishi Electric | Mitsubishi FX3 Series CPU Base Unit
FX3S-14MR/ES | Mitsubishi Electric | Mitsubishi FX3 Series CPU Base Unit
USD232.00
MR-J4-10A | Mitsubishi Electric | 1-Axis Servo Amplifier
MR-J4-10A | Mitsubishi Electric | 1-Axis Servo Amplifier
USD712.00
MR-J4-20A | Mitsubishi Electric | MELSERVO-J4 Series 1-Axis Servo Amplifier
MR-J4-20A | Mitsubishi Electric | MELSERVO-J4 Series 1-Axis Servo Amplifier
USD766.00
MR-J4-40A | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
MR-J4-40A | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
USD828.00
MR-J4-70A | Mitsubishi Electric | 1-Axis Servo Amplifier
MR-J4-70A | Mitsubishi Electric | 1-Axis Servo Amplifier
USD1,076.00
MR-J4-10B | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
MR-J4-10B | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
USD695.00
MR-J4-20B | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
MR-J4-20B | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
USD690.00
MR-J4-40B | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
MR-J4-40B | Mitsubishi Electric | Servo Amplifier
USD839.00
HG-KR73BJ | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Servo motor
HG-KR73BJ | Mitsubishi Electric | AC Servo motor
USD926.00
HG-KR73B | Mitsubishi Electric | HG-KR Rotary Servo Motor
HG-KR73B | Mitsubishi Electric | HG-KR Rotary Servo Motor
USD773.00
Mitsubishi FX3S-20MR/ES
Mitsubishi FX3S-20MR/ES
USD336.00
Mitsubishi FX3S-30MR/ES
Mitsubishi FX3S-30MR/ES
USD349.00
FX3U-ENET-ADP | Mitsubishi Electric | Ethernet Interface Block
FX3U-ENET-ADP | Mitsubishi Electric | Ethernet Interface Block
USD386.00
FX3U-4DA-ADP | Mitsubishi Electric | Analogue Output Adapter
FX3U-4DA-ADP | Mitsubishi Electric | Analogue Output Adapter
USD262.00
FX2N-64MR-001 | Mitsubishi Electric | Fx2n Series Programmable Controllers * SAME DAY DELIVERY - 1 UNIT ONLY*
FX2N-64MR-001 | Mitsubishi Electric | Fx2n Series Programmable Controllers * SAME DAY DELIVERY - 1 UNIT ONLY*
USD344.00
FX2N-16MR-001 |Mitsubishi Electric | Fx2n Series Programmable Controllers
FX2N-16MR-001 |Mitsubishi Electric | Fx2n Series Programmable Controllers
USD267.00
FR-D740-0.75K-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | FR-D700 Inverter
FR-D740-0.75K-CHT | Mitsubishi Electric | FR-D700 Inverter
USD277.00
Q13UDVCPU | Mitsubishi Electric | Universal model High speed type QCPU
Q13UDVCPU | Mitsubishi Electric | Universal model High speed type QCPU
USD2,561.00
QD77MS2 | Mitsubishi Electric | Simple Motion Module
QD77MS2 | Mitsubishi Electric | Simple Motion Module
USD893.00
QD77MS4 | Mitsubishi Electric | Simple Motion Module
QD77MS4 | Mitsubishi Electric | Simple Motion Module
USD1,315.00
Mitsubishi Electric HC-SFS352B
Mitsubishi Electric HC-SFS352B
USD1,759.00
Q03UDVCPU | Mitsubishi CPU Module
Q03UDVCPU | Mitsubishi CPU Module
USD1,242.00
FX2N-16EYR | Mitsubishi Electric | Output Expansion Block
FX2N-16EYR | Mitsubishi Electric | Output Expansion Block
USD86.00
FX2N-48ER-ES/UL | Mitsubishi Electric | I / O expansion unit FX2N - 48ER - ES / UL
FX2N-48ER-ES/UL | Mitsubishi Electric | I / O expansion unit FX2N - 48ER - ES / UL
USD465.00
FX2N-8ER-ES/UL | Mitsubishi Electric | I / O expansion block FX2N - 8ER - ES / UL
FX2N-8ER-ES/UL | Mitsubishi Electric | I / O expansion block FX2N - 8ER - ES / UL
USD100.00
FX2N-8EYR-ES/UL | Mitsubishi Electric | Output extension block FX2N - 8EYR - ES / UL
FX2N-8EYR-ES/UL | Mitsubishi Electric | Output extension block FX2N - 8EYR - ES / UL
USD100.00
FX3SA-20MR-CM | Mitsubishi Electric | Programmable Logic Controller
FX3SA-20MR-CM | Mitsubishi Electric | Programmable Logic Controller
USD224.00
FX3SA-20MT-CM | Mitsubishi Electric | Programmable Logic Controller
FX3SA-20MT-CM | Mitsubishi Electric | Programmable Logic Controller
USD173.00
FX3u-1PG | Mitsubishi Electric | Pulse Output Block
FX3u-1PG | Mitsubishi Electric | Pulse Output Block
USD405.00
Mitsubishi Electric - FX3U-4DA
Mitsubishi Electric - FX3U-4DA
USD286.00
GT1685M-STBD | Mitsubishi Interface GOT1000
GT1685M-STBD | Mitsubishi Interface GOT1000
USD2,709.00
GT2308-VTBA | Mitsubishi Electric | GOT2000 Series HMI
GT2308-VTBA | Mitsubishi Electric | GOT2000 Series HMI
USD1,308.00
GT2510-VTBA | Mitsubishi GOT2000 Series Graphic Operation Terminal GT25 10.4
GT2510-VTBA | Mitsubishi GOT2000 Series Graphic Operation Terminal GT25 10.4" Screen Size
USD2,016.00
GT2708-STBA | Mitsubishi (270564) 8.4
GT2708-STBA | Mitsubishi (270564) 8.4" SVGA TFT
USD2,504.00
Q13UDEHCPU | Mitsubishi Electric | Universal model QCPU
Q13UDEHCPU | Mitsubishi Electric | Universal model QCPU
USD2,757.00
Q312DB | Mitsubishi Electric| High speed basic base unit between multiple CPUs
Q312DB | Mitsubishi Electric| High speed basic base unit between multiple CPUs
USD349.00
QD75D4N | Mitsubishi Electric | Positioning unit (differential driver output type)
QD75D4N | Mitsubishi Electric | Positioning unit (differential driver output type)
USD509.00
QD77MS16 | Mitsubishi Electric | Simple Motion Module
QD77MS16 | Mitsubishi Electric | Simple Motion Module
USD2,006.00
QJ71GP21-SX | Mitsubishi CC-Link IE Controller Network Module
QJ71GP21-SX | Mitsubishi CC-Link IE Controller Network Module
USD741.00
QJ71MB91 | Mitsubishi Protocol Module
QJ71MB91 | Mitsubishi Protocol Module
USD305.00
QJ71PB92V | Mitsubishi Electric | PROFIBUS-DP V1 and V2 Device Level Network Master Module
QJ71PB92V | Mitsubishi Electric | PROFIBUS-DP V1 and V2 Device Level Network Master Module
USD784.00
       

https://www.nexinstrument.com/assets/images/images/MITSUBISHICONSIS1792015/thumbnail/18.png

exfield4 - NII REF No : IW111511081119

Feature 5

USD309 Price *1.4 | [ahzaAmend costX1.2=newcost2022X1.6=new selling price]

Recently Viewed Items

Legal Disclaimer

NEX Instrument Inc is not an authorized dealer, agent or associate of any of the designers, brands, or manufacturers, the products of which are offered for sale on www.nexinstrument.com. All trademarks, brand names, and logos mentioned are used for identification purposes only and are registered trademarks of their respective owners who reserve the right of ownership. The use of trademark, brand name or product on our website is not intended to suggest that the company, trademark or brand is affiliated to or endorses our website. All items are 100% authentic and legally purchased from authorized sources.